Article 110 governs 'Definition of “Money Bills”' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters, namely :— (a) the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or...
Article 111 governs 'Assent to Bills' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: When a Bill has been passed by the Houses of Parliament, it shall be presented to the President, and the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill, or that he withholds assent therefrom: Provided that the President...
Article 112 governs 'Annual financial statement' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) The President shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for that year, in this Part referred to as...
Article 113 governs 'Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) So much of the estimates as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India shall not be submitted to the vote of Parliament, but nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the discussion in either House...
Article 114 governs 'Appropriation Bills' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) As soon as may be after the grants under article 113 have been made by the House of the People, there shall be introduced a Bill to provide for the appropriation out of the Consolidated Fund of India of all moneys required to meet — ...
Article 115 governs 'Supplementary, additional or excess grants' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) The President shall — (a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of article 114 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to be insufficient for the purposes...
Article 116 governs 'Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the House of the People shall have power — (a) to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of any financial year pending the...
Article 117 governs 'Special provisions as to financial Bills' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) A Bill or amendment making provision for any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) of clause (1) of article 110 shall not be introduced or moved except on the recommendation of the President and a Bill making such...
Article 118 governs 'Rules of procedure' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) Each House of Parliament may make rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business. (2) Until rules are made under clause (1), the rules of procedure and standing...
Article 119 governs 'Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: Parliament may, for the purpose of the timely completion of financial business, regulate by law the procedure of, and the conduct of business in, each House of Parliament in relation to any financial matter or to any Bill for the...
Article 120 governs 'Language to be used in Parliament' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in Parliament shall be transacted in Hindi or in English: Provided that the Chairman of the Council of States or Speaker of the...
Article 121 governs 'Restriction on discussion in Parliament' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: No discussion shall take place in Parliament with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge of his duties except upon a motion for presenting an address to the President praying for the...
Article 122 governs 'Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) The validity of any proceedings in Parliament shall not be called in question on the ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure. (2) No officer or member of Parliament in whom powers are vested by or under this Constitution for...
Article 123 ('Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament') is codified in Part V of the Constitution of India. Specifically, the constitutional text states: (1) If at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are in session, the President is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate such Ordinances as the...
Article 124 creates the Supreme Court of India, comprising the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and other judges appointed by the President. It establishes strict tenure security: a judge can only be removed through parliamentary impeachment passed by a special majority (two-thirds present and voting in both Houses) on proven misbehaviour or incapacity. This guarantees judicial independence from political executive interference.
Article 125 ('Salaries, etc, of Judges') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) There shall be paid to the Judges of the Supreme Court such salaries as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries as are specified in the Second Schedule. (2) Every Judge...
Article 126 ('Appointment of acting Chief Justice') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: When the office of Chief Justice of India is vacant or when the Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such one of the other Judges of...
Article 127 ('Appointment of ad hoc Judges') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) If at any time there should not be a quorum of the Judges of the Supreme Court available to hold or continue any session of the Court, the Chief Justice of India may, with the previous consent of the President and after consultation...
Article 128 ('Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the Chief Justice of India may at any time, with the previous consent of the President, request any person who has held the office of a Judge of the Supreme Court or of the Federal Court or who has...
Article 129 ('Supreme Court to be a court of record') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: The Supreme Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself.
Article 130 ('Seat of Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: The Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or in such other place or places, as the Chief Justice of India may, with the approval of the President, from time to time, appoint.
Article 131 ('Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of any other court, have original jurisdiction in any dispute — (a) between the Government of India and one or more States; or (b) between the...
Article 132 ('Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final order of a High Court in the territory of India, whether in a civil, criminal or other proceeding, if the High Court certifies under article 134A that the case...
Article 133 ('Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final order in a civil proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India if the High Court certifies under article 134A— (a) that the case involves a...
Article 134 ('Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, final order or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India if the High Court — (a) has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an...
Article 134A ('Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: Every High Court, passing or making a judgment, decree, final order, or sentence, referred to in clause (1) of article 132 or clause (1) of article 133, or clause (1) of article 134, — (a) may, if it deems fit so to do, on its own...
Article 135 ('Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: Until Parliament by law otherwise provides, the Supreme Court shall also have jurisdiction and powers with respect to any matter to which the provisions of article 133 or article 134 do not apply if jurisdiction and powers in relation to...
Article 136 ('Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the Supreme Court may, in its discretion, grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, determination, sentence or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any court or...
Article 137 ('Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament or any rules made under article 145, the Supreme Court shall have power to review any judgment pronounced or order made by it.
Article 138 ('Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) The Supreme Court shall have such further jurisdiction and powers with respect to any of the matters in the Union List as Parliament may by law confer. (2) The Supreme Court shall have such further jurisdiction and powers with...
