Article 152 ('Definition') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the expression “State” does not include the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
Article 153 ('Governors of States') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: There shall be a Governor for each State: Provided that nothing in this article shall prevent the appointment of the same person as Governor for two or more States.
Article 154 ('Executive power of State') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: (1) The executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution. (2) Nothing in this article shall — (a)...
Article 155 ('Appointment of Governor') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: The Governor of a State shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.
Article 156 ('Term of office of Governor') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: (1) The Governor shall hold office during the pleasure of the President. (2) The Governor may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office. (3) Subject to the foregoing provisions of this article, a Governor...
Article 157 ('Qualifications for appointment as Governor') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: No person shall be eligible for appointment as Governor unless he is a citizen of India and has completed the age of thirty-five years.
Article 158 ('Conditions of Governor's office') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: (1) The Governor shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State specified in the First Schedule, and if a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any such...
Article 159 ('Oath or affirmation by the Governor') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: Every Governor and every person discharging the functions of the Governor shall, before entering upon his office, make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to the State,...
Article 160 ('Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: The President may make such provision as he thinks fit for the discharge of the functions of the Governor of a State in any contingency not provided for in this Chapter.
Article 161 ('Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc, and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: The Governor of a State shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to...
Article 162 ('Extent of executive power of State') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of the State has power to make laws: Provided that in any matter with respect to which...
Article 163 ('Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: (1) There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except in so far as he is by or under this Constitution required to exercise his functions or...
Article 164 ('Other provisions as to Ministers') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: (1) The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the Governor and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister, and the Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor: ...
Article 165 ('Advocate-General for the State') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: (1) The Governor of each State shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed a Judge of a High Court to be Advocate-General for the State. (2) It shall be the duty of the Advocate-General to give advice to the Government of the...
Article 166 ('Conduct of business of the Government of a State') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: (1) All executive action of the Government of a State shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the Governor. (2) Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the Governor shall be authenticated in such manner as may...
Article 167 ('Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc') in Part VI, Chapter II regulates the executive government of the States. It defines the office, appointment, tenure, and powers of the Governor, the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, the Advocate-General for the State, and the conduct of state government business. Specifically: It shall be the duty of the Chief Minister of each State — (a) to communicate to the Governor of the State all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the State and proposals for...
Article 168 ('Constitution of Legislatures in States') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) For every State there shall be a Legislature which shall consist of the Governor, and — (a) in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh, two Houses; (b) in other States, one...
Article 169 ('Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding anything in article 168, Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council or for the creation of such a Council in a State having no such Council, if the...
Article 170 ('Composition of the Legislative Assemblies') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) Subject to the provisions of article 333, the Legislative Assembly of each State shall consist of not more than five hundred, and not less than sixty, members chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the State. ...
Article 171 ('Composition of the Legislative Councils') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) The total number of members in the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council shall not exceed one-third of the total number of members in the Legislative Assembly of that State: Provided that the total number of members...
Article 172 ('Duration of State Legislatures') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) Every Legislative Assembly of every State, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer and the expiration of the said period of 1 [five years] shall operate as a...
Article 173 ('Qualification for membership of the State Legislature') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in the Legislature of a State unless he — (a) is a citizen of India, and makes and subscribes before some person authorised in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath...
Article 174 ('Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) The Governor shall from time to time summon the House or each House of the Legislature of the State to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in one session and the...
Article 175 ('Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) The Governor may address the Legislative Assembly or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, either House of the Legislature of the State, or both Houses assembled together, and may for that purpose require the attendance...
Article 176 ('Special address by the Governor') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) At the commencement of the first session after each general election to the Legislative Assembly and at the commencement of the first session of each year, the Governor shall address the Legislative Assembly or, in the case of a State...
Article 177 ('Rights of Ministers and Advocate General as respects the Houses') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: Every Minister and the Advocate-General for a State shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, the Legislative Assembly of the State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, both...
Article 178 ('The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: Every Legislative Assembly of a State shall, as soon as may be, choose two members of the Assembly to be respectively Speaker and Deputy Speaker thereof and, so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker becomes vacant, the Assembly...
Article 179 ('Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: A member holding office as Speaker or Deputy Speaker of an Assembly — (a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Assembly; (b) may at any time by writing under his hand addressed, if such member is the Speaker, to...
Article 180 ('Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) While the office of Speaker is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the Assembly as the Governor may appoint for the purpose. ...
Article 181 ('The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) At any sitting of the Legislative Assembly, while any resolution for the removal of the Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Speaker, or while any resolution for the removal of the Deputy Speaker, from his office is...
Article 182 ('The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: The Legislative Council of every State having such Council shall, as soon as may be, choose two members of the Council to be respectively Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof and, so often as the office of Chairman or Deputy Chairman...
Article 183 ('Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: A member holding office as Chairman or Deputy Chairman of a Legislative Council — (a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Council; (b) may at any time by writing under his hand addressed, if such member is the...
Article 184 ('Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) While the office of Chairman is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Chairman or, if the office of Deputy Chairman is also vacant, by such member of the Council as the Governor may appoint for the purpose. ...
Article 185 ('The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) At any sitting of the Legislative Council, while any resolution for the removal of the Chairman from his office is under consideration, the Chairman, or while any resolution for the removal of the Deputy Chairman from his office is...
Article 186 ('Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: There shall be paid to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, and to the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council, such salaries and allowances as may be respectively fixed by the Legislature of...
Article 187 ('Secretariat of State Legislature') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) The House or each House of the Legislature of a State shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall, in the case of the Legislature of a State having a Legislative Council, be construed as...
Article 188 ('Oath or affirmation by members') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: Every member of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of a State shall, before taking his seat, make and subscribe before the Governor, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the...
Article 189 ('Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, all questions at any sitting of a House of the Legislature of a State shall be determined by a majority of votes of the members present and voting, other than the Speaker or Chairman, or...
Article 190 ('Vacation of seats') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) No person shall be a member of both Houses of the Legislature of a State and provision shall be made by the Legislature of the State by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one house or...
Article 191 ('Disqualifications for membership') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State — (a) if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any...
Article 192 ('Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) If any question arises as to whether a member of a House of the Legislature of a State has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause (1) of article 191, the question shall be referred for the decision of the...
Article 193 ('Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: If a person sits or votes as a member of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of a State before he has complied with the requirements of article 188, or when he knows that he is not qualified or that he is disqualified for...
Article 194 ('Powers, privileges, etc, of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the rules and standing orders regulating the procedure of the Legislature, there shall be freedom of speech in the Legislature of every State. (2) No member of the Legislature of...
Article 195 ('Salaries and allowances of members') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: Members of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council of a State shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may from time to time be determined, by the Legislature of the State by law and, until provision in...
Article 196 ('Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) Subject to the provisions of articles 198 and 207 with respect to Money Bills and other financial Bills, a Bill may originate in either House of the Legislature of a State which has a Legislative Council. (2) Subject to the...
Article 197 ('Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) If after a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State having a Legislative Council and transmitted to the Legislative Council — (a) the Bill is rejected by the Council; or (b) more than three months elapse from...
Article 198 ('Special procedure in respect of Money Bills') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) A Money Bill shall not be introduced in a Legislative Council. (2) After a Money Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State having a Legislative Council, it shall be transmitted to the Legislative Council for its...
Article 199 ('Definition of “Money Bills”') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters, namely: — (a) the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or...
Article 200 ('Assent to Bills') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, has been passed by both Houses of the Legislature of the State, it shall be presented to the Governor and the...
Article 201 ('Bills reserved for consideration') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: When a Bill is reserved by a Governor for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill or that he withholds assent therefrom: Provided that, where the Bill is not a Money Bill, the...
Article 202 ('Annual financial statement') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) The Governor shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before the House or Houses of the Legislature of the State a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the State for that year, in this Part referred...
Article 203 ('Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) So much of the estimates as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of a State shall not be submitted to the vote of the Legislative Assembly, but nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the discussion...
Article 204 ('Appropriation Bills') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) As soon as may be after the grants under article 203 have been made by the Assembly, there shall be introduced a Bill to provide for the appropriation out of the Consolidated Fund of the State of all moneys required to meet — (a)...
Article 205 ('Supplementary, additional or excess grants') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) The Governor shall — (a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of article 204 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to be insufficient for the purposes...
Article 206 ('Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the Legislative Assembly of a State shall have power — (a) to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of any financial year...
Article 207 ('Special provisions as to financial Bills') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) A Bill or amendment making provision for any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) of clause (1) of article 199 shall not be introduced or moved except on the recommendation of the Governor, and a Bill making such...
Article 208 ('Rules of procedure') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) A House of the Legislature of a State may make rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business. (2) Until rules are made under clause (1), the rules of procedure and...
Article 209 ('Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: The Legislature of a State may, for the purpose of the timely completion of financial business, regulate by law the procedure of, and the conduct of business in, the House or Houses of the Legislature of the State in relation to any...
Article 210 ('Language to be used in the Legislature') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in the Legislature of a State shall be transacted in the official language or languages of the State or in Hindi or in English: Provided that...
Article 211 ('Restriction on discussion in the Legislature') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: No discussion shall take place in the Legislature of a State with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge of his duties.
Article 212 ('Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) The validity of any proceedings in the Legislature of a State shall not be called in question on the ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure. (2) No officer or member of the Legislature of a State in whom powers are vested by...
Article 213 ('Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature') is codified in Part VI of the Constitution of India. Specifically, the constitutional text states: (1) If at any time, except when the Legislative Assembly of a State is in session, or where there is a Legislative Council in a State, except when both Houses of the Legislature are in session, the Governor is satisfied that circumstances...
Article 214 ('High Courts for States') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: There shall be a High Court for each State.
Article 215 ('High Courts to be courts of record') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: Every High Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself.
Article 216 ('Constitution of High Courts') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: Every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint.
Article 217 ('Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and, in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the...
Article 218 ('Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: The provisions of clauses (4) and (5) of article 124 shall apply in relation to a High Court as they apply in relation to the Supreme Court with the substitution of references to the High Court for references to the Supreme Court.
Article 219 ('Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: Every person appointed to be a Judge of a High Court shall, before he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the Governor of the State, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form...
Article 220 ('Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: No person who, after the commencement of this Constitution, has held office as a permanent Judge of a High Court shall plead or act in any court or before any authority in India except the Supreme Court and the other High Courts....
Article 221 ('Salaries, etc, of Judges') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) There shall be paid to the Judges of each High Court such salaries as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries as are specified in the Second Schedule. (2) Every Judge shall...
Article 222 ('Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) The President may, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court. (2) When a Judge has been or is so transferred, he shall, during the period he serves, after the...
Article 223 ('Appointment of acting Chief Justice') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: When the office of Chief Justice of a High Court is vacant or when any such Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such one of the...
Article 224 ('Appointment of additional and acting Judges') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) If by reason of any temporary increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to the President that the number of the Judges of that Court should be for the time being increased, the...
Article 224A ('Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the Chief Justice of a High Court for any State may at any time, with the previous consent of the President, request any person who has held the office of a Judge of that Court or of any other High...
Article 225 ('Jurisdiction of existing High Courts') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the provisions of any law of the appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers conferred on that Legislature by this Constitution, the jurisdiction of, and the law administered in,...
Article 226 is the most frequently used constitutional weapon for ordinary citizens in India because you do not need to travel to the Supreme Court in New Delhi—you can approach your own State High Court immediately. Under Article 226(1), every High Court is empowered to issue directions, orders, or the 5 Prerogative Writs (Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo Warranto) to any person, police officer, municipal body, or government authority within its territorial jurisdiction.
Crucially, in legal scope, Article 226 is WIDER than Article 32: while the Supreme Court under Article 32 can issue writs ONLY when a Fundamental Right (Part III) is violated, a High Court under Article 226 can issue writs BOTH for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights AND 'for any other purpose'—meaning violations of property rights (Art 300A), municipal laws, service/pension rules, tax assessments, university exams, or arbitrary FIRs. In L. Chandra Kumar (1997), a 7-judge bench declared that the High Court's power of judicial review under Article 226 is an indestructible part of the Basic Structure of the Constitution.
Article 227 ('Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) Every High Court shall have superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision, the High Court...
Article 228 ('Transfer of certain cases to High Court') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: If the High Court is satisfied that a case pending in a court subordinate to it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution the determination of which is necessary for the disposal of the case, it...
Article 229 ('Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) Appointments of officers and servants of a High Court shall be made by the Chief Justice of the Court or such other Judge or officer of the Court as he may direct: Provided that the Governor of the State may by rule require that...
Article 230 ('Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) Parliament may by law extend the jurisdiction of a High Court to, or exclude the jurisdiction of a High Court from, any Union territory. (2) Where the High Court of a State exercises jurisdiction in relation to a Union territory, —...
Article 231 ('Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding provisions of this Chapter, Parliament may by law establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States and a Union territory. (2) In relation to any such...
Article 233 ('Appointment of district judges') in Part VI, Chapter VI (Subordinate Courts) insulates the grassroots trial judiciary—District Courts, Sessions Courts, and Magistrates—from political or executive interference by placing appointments, postings, promotions, and disciplinary control under the State High Court (Articles 233–237).
Article 233A ('Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc, delivered by, certain district judges') in Part VI, Chapter VI (Subordinate Courts) insulates the grassroots trial judiciary—District Courts, Sessions Courts, and Magistrates—from political or executive interference by placing appointments, postings, promotions, and disciplinary control under the State High Court (Articles 233–237).
Article 234 ('Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service') in Part VI, Chapter VI (Subordinate Courts) insulates the grassroots trial judiciary—District Courts, Sessions Courts, and Magistrates—from political or executive interference by placing appointments, postings, promotions, and disciplinary control under the State High Court (Articles 233–237).
Article 235 ('Control over subordinate courts') in Part VI, Chapter VI (Subordinate Courts) insulates the grassroots trial judiciary—District Courts, Sessions Courts, and Magistrates—from political or executive interference by placing appointments, postings, promotions, and disciplinary control under the State High Court (Articles 233–237).
Article 236 ('Interpretation') in Part VI, Chapter VI (Subordinate Courts) insulates the grassroots trial judiciary—District Courts, Sessions Courts, and Magistrates—from political or executive interference by placing appointments, postings, promotions, and disciplinary control under the State High Court (Articles 233–237).
Article 237 ('Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates') in Part VI, Chapter VI (Subordinate Courts) insulates the grassroots trial judiciary—District Courts, Sessions Courts, and Magistrates—from political or executive interference by placing appointments, postings, promotions, and disciplinary control under the State High Court (Articles 233–237).
