#106
106th Amendment
Enacted: 2023
★ KEY MILESTONE
Democracy & Elections
33% Women’s Reservation in Lok Sabha & State Assemblies (Nari Shakti Vandan)
Added Articles 330A and 332A reserving one-third (33%) of all seats in the Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and Delhi Assembly for women.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 330A
Art. 332A
239AA
#105
105th Amendment
Enacted: 2021
Social Inclusion & Languages
Restored States’ Power to Maintain Their Own State OBC Lists
Amended Article 342A clarifying that every State and Union Territory has full power to identify and notify its own State List of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes.
#104
104th Amendment
Enacted: 2020
Social Inclusion & Languages
Extended SC/ST Seat Reservation to 2030 & Ended Nominated Anglo-Indian Seats
Extended SC and ST seat reservation in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies up to 2030, while allowing the 2 nominated Anglo-Indian seats to lapse.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 334
#103
103rd Amendment
Enacted: 2019
★ KEY MILESTONE
Social Inclusion & Languages
10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)
Inserted Articles 15(6) and 16(6) providing up to 10% reservation in higher education and government jobs for low-income families outside existing quotas.
Provisions Amended:
15(6)
16(6)
#102
102nd Amendment
Enacted: 2018
★ KEY MILESTONE
Social Inclusion & Languages
Constitutional Status to National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)
Added Article 338B giving the National Commission for Backward Classes full constitutional status and civil court powers to protect OBC rights.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 338B
Art. 342A
#101
101st Amendment
Enacted: 2016
★ KEY MILESTONE
States, UTs & Taxes
One Nation, One Tax: Introduction of GST Across India
Inserted Articles 246A and 279A (GST Council), replacing 17 different central and state indirect taxes with a unified Goods and Services Tax.
#100
100th Amendment
Enacted: 2015
States, UTs & Taxes
India-Bangladesh Land Boundary Enclave Agreement
Resolved the 68-year-old border enclave issue with Bangladesh, giving over 50,000 stateless enclave residents full citizenship, schools, and hospitals.
Provisions Amended:
1st Schedule
#99
99th Amendment
Enacted: 2014
Judiciary & Courts
National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) — Struck Down by SC in 2015
Proposed replacing the judicial Collegium with NJAC; struck down by a 5-Judge Supreme Court Bench in 2015 to protect judicial independence.
Provisions Amended:
124A–124C
#98
98th Amendment
Enacted: 2012
States, UTs & Taxes
Special Development & Education Quota for Hyderabad-Karnataka (Kalyana Karnataka)
Inserted Article 371J providing a Development Board and equitable seats in education and jobs for the 6 backward districts of Kalyana Karnataka.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 371J
#97
97th Amendment
Enacted: 2011
★ KEY MILESTONE
Rights & Land Reforms
Right to Form Cooperative Societies Made a Fundamental Right
Added "co-operative societies" to Article 19(1)(c), inserted Article 43B, and added Part IXB to empower farmer, dairy, and housing cooperatives.
Provisions Amended:
19(1)(c)
Art. 43B
Part IXB
#96
96th Amendment
Enacted: 2011
Social Inclusion & Languages
Changed Language Spelling from "Oriya" to "Odia"
Amended the Eighth Schedule to reflect the authentic phonetic pronunciation "Odia" as requested by the people and Assembly of Odisha.
Provisions Amended:
8th Schedule
#95
95th Amendment
Enacted: 2009
Social Inclusion & Languages
Extended SC/ST Seat Reservation to 2020
Extended the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies from 60 years to 70 years (up to 2020).
Provisions Amended:
Art. 334
#94
94th Amendment
Enacted: 2006
Social Inclusion & Languages
Tribal Welfare Minister Mandate Updated After Creation of Jharkhand & Chhattisgarh
Updated Article 164(1) after state reorganization so Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha each have a dedicated Tribal Welfare Minister.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 164
#93
93rd Amendment
Enacted: 2005
★ KEY MILESTONE
Social Inclusion & Languages
Reservation for OBC, SC & ST Students in Private & Aided Colleges (Art. 15(5))
Inserted Article 15(5) enabling reservation of seats for socially and educationally backward classes (OBCs), SCs, and STs in private and central higher educational institutions.
Provisions Amended:
15(5)
#92
92nd Amendment
Enacted: 2003
★ KEY MILESTONE
Social Inclusion & Languages
Bodo, Dogri, Maithili & Santhali Added (Total 22 Languages)
Added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali to the Eighth Schedule, bringing the total number of constitutionally recognized languages to 22.
Provisions Amended:
8th Schedule
#91
91st Amendment
Enacted: 2003
★ KEY MILESTONE
Democracy & Elections
Capped Number of Ministers at 15% & tightened Anti-Defection Law
Stopped jumbo cabinets by limiting the Council of Ministers to 15% of Lok Sabha/Assembly strength and barred defectors from holding ministerial office.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 75
Art. 164
10th Schedule
#90
90th Amendment
Enacted: 2003
Social Inclusion & Languages
Protected Representation in Bodoland Territorial Areas (Assam)
Amended Article 332(6) to safeguard existing tribal and non-tribal representation in the Assam Assembly from the Bodoland Territorial Council area.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 332
#89
89th Amendment
Enacted: 2003
★ KEY MILESTONE
Social Inclusion & Languages
Created Separate National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (Art. 338A)
Added Article 338A creating a dedicated National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) to focus specifically on tribal land, forest, and welfare rights.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 338
Art. 338A
#88
88th Amendment
Enacted: 2003
States, UTs & Taxes
Constitutional Framework for Service Tax Sharing
Inserted Article 268A enabling Service Tax revenues to be shared between the Centre and the States (later merged into GST in 2016).
Provisions Amended:
Art. 268A
#87
87th Amendment
Enacted: 2003
Democracy & Elections
Redrawing of Constituency Boundaries Based on 2001 Census
Allowed internal redrawing of Lok Sabha and Assembly constituencies within each state using 2001 Census figures without changing a state’s total seats.
#86
86th Amendment
Enacted: 2002
★ KEY MILESTONE
Rights & Land Reforms
Right to Free & Compulsory Education Added as Article 21A
Inserted Article 21A making free schooling a Fundamental Right for all children aged 6–14, updated Article 45 for early childhood care, and added the 11th Fundamental Duty.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 21A
Art. 45
51A(k)
#85
85th Amendment
Enacted: 2001
Social Inclusion & Languages
Consequential Seniority for Promoted SC/ST Government Servants
Amended Article 16(4A) to grant "consequential seniority" to SC and ST government employees promoted under reservation rules.
Provisions Amended:
16(4A)
#84
84th Amendment
Enacted: 2001
Democracy & Elections
Kept Lok Sabha Seats Frozen Until 2026 to Reward Family Planning
Extended the freeze on the total number of Lok Sabha and Assembly seats per state until after 2026 so states that controlled population growth were not penalized.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 82
Art. 170
#83
83rd Amendment
Enacted: 2000
States, UTs & Taxes
Exempted Arunachal Pradesh Panchayats from SC Reservation (100% Tribal)
Since Arunachal Pradesh is inhabited entirely by indigenous Scheduled Tribes with no Scheduled Castes, exempted its Panchayats from Article 243D SC quota.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 243M
#82
82nd Amendment
Enacted: 2000
Social Inclusion & Languages
Relaxation of Qualifying Marks for SC/ST in Promotions
Added a proviso to Article 335 allowing relaxation in qualifying marks and evaluation standards for SC/ST candidates in departmental promotions.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 335
#81
81st Amendment
Enacted: 2000
Social Inclusion & Languages
Unfilled SC/ST/OBC Backlog Vacancies Exempted from 50% Yearly Cap
Added Article 16(4B) so unfilled reserved vacancies from previous years ("backlog vacancies") can be filled without breaching the 50% annual quota cap.
Provisions Amended:
16(4B)
#80
80th Amendment
Enacted: 2000
States, UTs & Taxes
Shared 29% of All Central Taxes Directly with States
Implemented the 10th Finance Commission’s formula so States receive a direct percentage share in the single pool of all Central taxes.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 270
#79
79th Amendment
Enacted: 1999
Social Inclusion & Languages
Extended SC/ST Seat Reservation to 2010
Extended the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies up to 2010.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 334
#78
78th Amendment
Enacted: 1995
Rights & Land Reforms
Protected 27 State Land Reform Acts
Added 27 state land reform laws in the Ninth Schedule, bringing the total protected agrarian acts to 284.
Provisions Amended:
9th Schedule
#77
77th Amendment
Enacted: 1995
★ KEY MILESTONE
Social Inclusion & Languages
Reservation in Promotions for SC and ST Employees (Art. 16(4A))
Inserted Article 16(4A) empowering the State to provide reservation in promotions in government jobs for SCs and STs.
Provisions Amended:
16(4A)
#76
76th Amendment
Enacted: 1994
Social Inclusion & Languages
Protected Tamil Nadu’s 69% Reservation Law
Placed the Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, SCs, and STs Reservation Act, 1993 in the Ninth Schedule.
Provisions Amended:
9th Schedule
#75
75th Amendment
Enacted: 1994
Governance & Admin
Fast-Track Rent Control Tribunals for Tenants & House Owners
Amended Article 323B to enable State Rent Tribunals so housing and tenancy disputes are resolved quickly without years of litigation.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 323B
#74
74th Amendment
Enacted: 1992
★ KEY MILESTONE
Democracy & Elections
Constitutional Status to City Municipalities & Ward Committees
Added Part IXA & 12th Schedule empowering urban Municipalities, Nagar Panchayats, and Municipal Corporations with regular elections and women’s reservation.
Provisions Amended:
243P–243ZG
12th Schedule
#73
73rd Amendment
Enacted: 1992
★ KEY MILESTONE
Democracy & Elections
Constitutional Status to Village Panchayats & Gram Sabhas
Added Part IX & 11th Schedule: mandatory 5-yearly Panchayat elections, constitutional Gram Sabhas for villagers, and 33%–50% seats reserved for women.
Provisions Amended:
243–243O
11th Schedule
#72
72nd Amendment
Enacted: 1992
Social Inclusion & Languages
Reserved Tribal Seats in the Tripura Legislative Assembly
Amended Article 332 to guarantee fair representation of Scheduled Tribes in the Tripura State Legislative Assembly following peace accords.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 332
#71
71st Amendment
Enacted: 1992
★ KEY MILESTONE
Social Inclusion & Languages
Konkani, Manipuri & Nepali Added to the 8th Schedule
Added Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali to the Eighth Schedule, raising the number of scheduled languages from 15 to 18.
Provisions Amended:
8th Schedule
#70
70th Amendment
Enacted: 1992
Democracy & Elections
Included Delhi & Puducherry MLAs in Presidential Elections
Amended Article 54 so elected MLAs of Delhi and Puducherry participate in the Electoral College that elects the President of India.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 54
Art. 368
#69
69th Amendment
Enacted: 1991
★ KEY MILESTONE
States, UTs & Taxes
Created NCT of Delhi with Elected Legislative Assembly & CM
Inserted Article 239AA giving Delhi the status of National Capital Territory (NCT) with a 70-member elected Assembly and Council of Ministers.
Provisions Amended:
239AA
239AB
#68
68th Amendment
Enacted: 1991
States, UTs & Taxes
Final Extension Before Restoration of Elected Punjab Assembly (1992)
Allowed the final extension of President’s Rule in Punjab just before elected democratic government returned in February 1992.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 356
#67
67th Amendment
Enacted: 1990
States, UTs & Taxes
Further Extension of President’s Rule in Punjab (Up to 4 Years)
Amended Article 356(4) to bridge the period until democratic elections were restored in Punjab.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 356
#66
66th Amendment
Enacted: 1990
Rights & Land Reforms
Protected 55 State Agrarian & Land Reform Laws
Added 55 state land reform and tribal land protection acts into the Ninth Schedule.
Provisions Amended:
9th Schedule
#65
65th Amendment
Enacted: 1990
★ KEY MILESTONE
Social Inclusion & Languages
Created Multi-Member National Commission for SCs and STs
Replaced the single Special Officer under Article 338 with a powerful multi-member National Commission with civil court powers to investigate atrocities.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 338
#64
64th Amendment
Enacted: 1990
States, UTs & Taxes
Extended President’s Rule in Punjab During Militancy Period
Temporarily extended President’s Rule in Punjab up to 3 years and 6 months until peaceful Assembly elections could be held.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 356
#63
63rd Amendment
Enacted: 1989
Rights & Land Reforms
Repealed the 59th Amendment to Restore Full Article 21 Protection
Repealed the 59th Amendment completely so that the Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21) could never be suspended even in Punjab.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 356
Art. 359A
#62
62nd Amendment
Enacted: 1989
Social Inclusion & Languages
Extended SC/ST Seat Reservation to 2000
Extended the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies up to the year 2000.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 334
#61
61st Amendment
Enacted: 1988
★ KEY MILESTONE
Democracy & Elections
Voting Age Lowered from 21 Years to 18 Years
Amended Article 326 to empower every 18-year-old youth with the right to vote, immediately adding 5 crore young voters to Indian democracy.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 326
#60
60th Amendment
Enacted: 1988
Governance & Admin
Professional Tax Ceiling Adjusted from ₹250 to ₹2,500 per Year
Updated the 1949 ceiling on annual state professional tax to ₹2,500 per year while protecting citizens from higher municipal levies.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 276
#59
59th Amendment
Enacted: 1988
States, UTs & Taxes
Temporary Punjab Emergency Provisions (Repealed in 1989 by 63rd Amendment)
Inserted temporary provisions regarding Punjab that were fully repealed the very next year by the 63rd Amendment to protect Article 21.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 356
#58
58th Amendment
Enacted: 1987
Social Inclusion & Languages
Authoritative Hindi Text of the Constitution Published
Inserted Article 394A giving the official Hindi translation of the Constitution and all its amendments equal legal authority in courts.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 394A
#57
57th Amendment
Enacted: 1987
Social Inclusion & Languages
Full Tribal Representation in Assemblies of Arunachal, Mizoram & Nagaland
Ensured nearly all seats in the State Assemblies of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland are reserved for Scheduled Tribes.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 332
#56
56th Amendment
Enacted: 1987
★ KEY MILESTONE
States, UTs & Taxes
Goa Made the 25th Full State of India
Elevated Goa from a Union Territory to the 25th full State of the Indian Union with a 40-member Legislative Assembly.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 371I
#55
55th Amendment
Enacted: 1986
States, UTs & Taxes
Full Statehood for Arunachal Pradesh
Granted full Statehood to Arunachal Pradesh with a 60-member Legislative Assembly under Article 371H.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 371H
#54
54th Amendment
Enacted: 1986
Judiciary & Courts
Independent Salary Revision for Supreme Court & High Court Judges
Allowed judicial salaries to be revised by ordinary parliamentary law without needing a constitutional amendment every time.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 125
Art. 221
#53
53rd Amendment
Enacted: 1986
States, UTs & Taxes
Full Statehood for Mizoram & Protection of Mizo Customary Law
Following the 1986 Mizoram Peace Accord, made Mizoram a full State and added Article 371G protecting Mizo social customs and land laws.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 371G
#52
52nd Amendment
Enacted: 1985
★ KEY MILESTONE
Democracy & Elections
The Anti-Defection Law (10th Schedule)
Added the 10th Schedule disqualifying any MP or MLA who switches parties after winning on a party ticket, stopping "Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram" politics.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 102
Art. 191
10th Schedule
#51
51st Amendment
Enacted: 1984
Social Inclusion & Languages
Reserved Lok Sabha & Assembly Seats for STs in North-East
Provided reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies of Meghalaya, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 330
Art. 332
#50
50th Amendment
Enacted: 1984
Governance & Admin
Discipline Rules for Intelligence & Telecom Security Staff
Amended Article 33 to ensure strict discipline and national security confidentiality among intelligence and armed forces communication wings.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 33
#49
49th Amendment
Enacted: 1984
Social Inclusion & Languages
Constitutional Autonomy for Tripura Tribal Areas (6th Schedule)
Brought the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution to protect tribal self-governance.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 244
6th Schedule
#48
48th Amendment
Enacted: 1984
States, UTs & Taxes
Special Condition for President’s Rule Extension in Punjab
Amended Article 356(5) regarding temporary extension of President’s Rule in Punjab during extraordinary security conditions in 1984.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 356
#47
47th Amendment
Enacted: 1984
Rights & Land Reforms
Protected 14 State Land Reform Laws for Farmers
Included 14 state land reform statutes from West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Tamil Nadu, and UP in the 9th Schedule to protect poor cultivators.
Provisions Amended:
9th Schedule
#46
46th Amendment
Enacted: 1982
States, UTs & Taxes
Uniform Sales Tax Rules on Works Contracts &Hire-Purchase
Closed tax evasion loopholes by defining tax rules on works contracts, hire-purchase, and restaurant supplies.
#45
45th Amendment
Enacted: 1980
Social Inclusion & Languages
Extended SC/ST Seat Reservation to 1990
Extended the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies up to 1990.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 334
#44
44th Amendment
Enacted: 1978
★ KEY MILESTONE
Rights & Land Reforms
Permanent Lock on Right to Life (Art. 21) & Democratic Safeguards
Made Articles 20 & 21 unsuspensible even during National Emergency, required written Cabinet approval for Emergency, protected press reporting, and moved Property to Article 300A.
#43
43rd Amendment
Enacted: 1977
Judiciary & Courts
Restored Full Powers of High Courts & Supreme Court After Emergency
Repealed six restrictive articles inserted during the Emergency and restored citizens’ easy access to High Courts and the Supreme Court.
#42
42nd Amendment
Enacted: 1976
★ KEY MILESTONE
Rights & Land Reforms
Added Free Legal Aid (39A), Fundamental Duties (51A) & Preamble Words
Added "Socialist, Secular, Integrity" to the Preamble, created Free Legal Aid for the poor (Art. 39A), Environment Protection (Art. 48A), and 10 Fundamental Duties (Art. 51A).
Provisions Amended:
Preamble
Art. 39A
Art. 48A
Art. 51A
#41
41st Amendment
Enacted: 1976
Governance & Admin
State Public Service Commission Retirement Age Raised to 62
Raised the retirement age of Chairmen and Members of State Public Service Commissions from 60 to 62 years.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 316
#40
40th Amendment
Enacted: 1976
States, UTs & Taxes
India’s Sovereign Rights Over Exclusive Economic Zone (Ocean Resources)
Vested all lands, minerals, and resources in India’s territorial waters, continental shelf, and Exclusive Economic Zone in the Union of India.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 297
#39
39th Amendment
Enacted: 1975
Governance & Admin
Emergency-Era Election Dispute Changes (Struck Down by SC)
Attempted to place Prime Ministerial election disputes outside regular courts; struck down by the Supreme Court and repealed by the 44th Amendment.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 71
Art. 329A
#38
38th Amendment
Enacted: 1975
Governance & Admin
Emergency-Era Restrictions on Judicial Review (Later Repealed)
Passed during the 1975 Emergency to bar courts from reviewing Emergency proclamations; later undone by the 44th Amendment in 1978.
#37
37th Amendment
Enacted: 1975
States, UTs & Taxes
Legislative Assembly Created for Arunachal Pradesh
Provided an elected Legislative Assembly and Council of Ministers for Arunachal Pradesh.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 239A
Art. 240
#36
36th Amendment
Enacted: 1975
★ KEY MILESTONE
States, UTs & Taxes
Sikkim Became the 22nd Full State of India
After over 97% of Sikkim’s citizens voted in a referendum to join India, Sikkim became the 22nd State under Article 371F.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 371F
1st Schedule
#35
35th Amendment
Enacted: 1974
States, UTs & Taxes
Sikkim Granted Associate State Status
Initial step associating Sikkim with the Indian Union following the democratic wish of the people of Sikkim.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 2A
#34
34th Amendment
Enacted: 1974
Rights & Land Reforms
Protected 20 State Land Ceiling Laws for Farmers
Added 20 state land ceiling and tenure reform laws into the Ninth Schedule to distribute surplus land to the landless.
Provisions Amended:
9th Schedule
#33
33rd Amendment
Enacted: 1974
Democracy & Elections
Protected MPs & MLAs from Forced Resignations
Empowered the Speaker/Chairman to verify that an MP or MLA’s resignation is voluntary and genuine before accepting it.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 101
Art. 190
#32
32nd Amendment
Enacted: 1973
States, UTs & Taxes
Equitable Opportunities & Central University in Andhra Pradesh
Added Articles 371D and 371E to ensure fair regional opportunities in education and public jobs in Andhra Pradesh.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 371D
Art. 371E
#31
31st Amendment
Enacted: 1973
Democracy & Elections
Increased Lok Sabha Strength from 525 to 545 Seats
Increased the elected seats of the Lok Sabha after the 1971 Census so growing populations had better parliamentary representation.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 81
Art. 330
#30
30th Amendment
Enacted: 1972
Judiciary & Courts
Any Citizen Can Appeal to SC Regardless of Money Value
Removed the ₹20,000 monetary threshold for civil appeals to the Supreme Court so poor citizens’ cases are judged on legal importance, not money.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 133
#29
29th Amendment
Enacted: 1972
Rights & Land Reforms
Protected Kerala Land Reform Laws
Placed two Kerala Land Reforms Amendment Acts in the 9th Schedule to redistribution of land to landless farmers (led to the Kesavananda Bharati case).
Provisions Amended:
9th Schedule
#28
28th Amendment
Enacted: 1972
Governance & Admin
Ended Colonial-Era ICS Officer Special Privileges
Removed special colonial service guarantees given to former Indian Civil Service (ICS) officers to bring uniformity across civil services.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 312A
#27
27th Amendment
Enacted: 1971
States, UTs & Taxes
Reorganization of North-Eastern States (Mizoram & Manipur)
Added Article 371C for Manipur’s Hill Areas Committee and empowered Union Territory legislatures in Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 239B
Art. 371C
#26
26th Amendment
Enacted: 1971
★ KEY MILESTONE
Democracy & Elections
Abolished Royal Privy Purses & Princely Privileges
Ended tax-free royal allowances and official privileges of former princely rulers, making every Indian an equal citizen.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 362
Art. 363A
#25
25th Amendment
Enacted: 1971
Rights & Land Reforms
Priority to Economic Equality Laws (Art. 39(b) & (c))
Added Article 31C to protect laws that distribute material resources fairly and prevent concentration of wealth under Article 39(b)-(c).
Provisions Amended:
Art. 31C
Art. 39
#24
24th Amendment
Enacted: 1971
★ KEY MILESTONE
Democracy & Elections
Clarified Parliament’s Amending Procedure (Art. 368)
Affirmed Parliament’s power to amend any part of the Constitution under Article 368 (later balanced by the 1973 Basic Structure ruling).
Provisions Amended:
Art. 13
Art. 368
#23
23rd Amendment
Enacted: 1969
Social Inclusion & Languages
Extended SC/ST Seat Reservation to 1980
Extended the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in Parliament and State Legislatures for another 10 years up to 1980.
#22
22nd Amendment
Enacted: 1969
States, UTs & Taxes
Autonomous State Formation for Meghalaya
Inserted Article 244A enabling the creation of Meghalaya within Assam with its own Legislature and Council of Ministers.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 244A
Art. 371B
#21
21st Amendment
Enacted: 1967
★ KEY MILESTONE
Social Inclusion & Languages
Sindhi Language Added to the 8th Schedule
Recognized Sindhi as the 15th official scheduled language in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
Provisions Amended:
8th Schedule
#20
20th Amendment
Enacted: 1966
Judiciary & Courts
Validation of District Court Judgments
Added Article 233A so citizens’ decided cases in District Courts would not become invalid due to procedural defects in judge appointments.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 233A
#19
19th Amendment
Enacted: 1966
Democracy & Elections
High Courts Empowered to Hear Election Petitions
Abolished special Election Tribunals and gave High Courts direct power to hear election petitions challenging MP/MLA elections.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 324
#18
18th Amendment
Enacted: 1966
States, UTs & Taxes
Creation of Haryana, Punjab & Himachal Reorganisation
Clarified that Article 3 includes the power to form new States and Union Territories, enabling the creation of Haryana and Chandigarh.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 3
#17
17th Amendment
Enacted: 1964
Rights & Land Reforms
Protection ofPersonal Cultivation Land of Farmers
Prohibited acquisition of land under personal cultivation by a farmer below the ceiling limit unless full market compensation is paid.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 31A
9th Schedule
#16
16th Amendment
Enacted: 1963
Democracy & Elections
Oath to Uphold India’s Sovereignty & Integrity
Made it mandatory for every candidate, MP, MLA, Minister, and Judge to swear an oath to uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 19
Art. 84
Art. 173
#15
15th Amendment
Enacted: 1963
Judiciary & Courts
High Court Judges’ Retirement Age Raised to 62
Raised High Court Judges’ retirement age from 60 to 62 years and expanded High Court writ power under Article 226.
#14
14th Amendment
Enacted: 1962
States, UTs & Taxes
Integration of Puducherry & Assemblies for UTs
Incorporated Puducherry into India and added Article 239A enabling elected legislatures in Himachal, Manipur, Tripura, Goa, and Puducherry.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 239A
Art. 240
#13
13th Amendment
Enacted: 1962
States, UTs & Taxes
Statehood for Nagaland & Customary Law Protection
Created the State of Nagaland and added Article 371A protecting Naga customary law, social practices, and land ownership.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 371A
#12
12th Amendment
Enacted: 1962
States, UTs & Taxes
Integration of Goa, Daman and Diu into India
Formally incorporated Goa, Daman, and Diu into the Indian Union as a Union Territory after 450 years of Portuguese rule.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 240
1st Schedule
#11
11th Amendment
Enacted: 1961
Democracy & Elections
Simplified Vice-President Election Procedure
Replaced the joint sitting requirement with an Electoral College of both Houses and barred vacancies from invalidating Presidential elections.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 66
Art. 71
#10
10th Amendment
Enacted: 1961
States, UTs & Taxes
Integration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli into India
Incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli as a Union Territory of India after its liberation from Portuguese rule.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 240
1st Schedule
#9
9th Amendment
Enacted: 1960
States, UTs & Taxes
Indo-Pakistan Border Adjustment (Berubari Union)
Adjusted the First Schedule to implement the 1958 Indo-Pakistan border agreement following the Supreme Court’s advisory opinion.
Provisions Amended:
1st Schedule
#8
8th Amendment
Enacted: 1959
Social Inclusion & Languages
Extended SC/ST Seat Reservation to 1970
Extended the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies by 10 years.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 334
#7
7th Amendment
Enacted: 1956
★ KEY MILESTONE
States, UTs & Taxes
Reorganization of States on Linguistic Basis
Abolished old colonial Part A, B, C, D provinces, created 14 linguistic States and 6 Union Territories, and allowed common High Courts.
#6
6th Amendment
Enacted: 1956
States, UTs & Taxes
Regulation of Inter-State Sales Tax
Empowered Parliament to regulate taxes on goods bought and sold across state borders so essential goods would not be double-taxed.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 269
Art. 286
#5
5th Amendment
Enacted: 1955
States, UTs & Taxes
Time Limit for State Assemblies on Boundary Bills
Allowed the President to set a fixed deadline for State Legislatures to give their views on proposed state boundary changes.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 3
#4
4th Amendment
Enacted: 1955
Rights & Land Reforms
Public Acquisition of Land for Welfare Projects
Clarified that adequacy of compensation for large estate acquisitions could not block public welfare and agrarian reforms.
#3
3rd Amendment
Enacted: 1954
States, UTs & Taxes
Essential Food & Cattle Fodder Price Control
Empowered Parliament under the Concurrent List to regulate foodgrains, edible oils, cotton, and cattle fodder across states.
Provisions Amended:
7th Schedule
#2
2nd Amendment
Enacted: 1952
Democracy & Elections
Removed Population Limit per Lok Sabha Seat
Adjusted Article 81 after the 1951 Census so one MP could represent more than 7.5 lakh citizens in growing constituencies.
Provisions Amended:
Art. 81
#1
1st Amendment
Enacted: 1951
★ KEY MILESTONE
Rights & Land Reforms
Abolition of Zamindari & Educational Inclusion
Protected land reform laws for farmers (9th Schedule), added Article 15(4) for backward class students, and set reasonable conditions on speech.
