Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor

Article 368 empowers Parliament to exercise constituent power to add, vary, or repeal any provision of the Constitution through a rigorous legislative process requiring a two-thirds special majority in each House, and state ratification for federal provisions. However, under the historic Kesavananda Bharati ruling (1973), Parliament’s amending power is NOT unlimited: it cannot alter, destroy, or abridge the 'Basic Structure' of the Constitution—which includes democracy, secularism, the rule of law, judicial review, fundamental rights, and federalism.