Article 198 ('Special procedure in respect of Money Bills') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) A Money Bill shall not be introduced in a Legislative Council. (2) After a Money Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State having a Legislative Council, it shall be transmitted to the Legislative Council for its...
Article 199 ('Definition of “Money Bills”') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters, namely: — (a) the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or...
Article 200 ('Assent to Bills') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, has been passed by both Houses of the Legislature of the State, it shall be presented to the Governor and the...
Article 201 ('Bills reserved for consideration') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: When a Bill is reserved by a Governor for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill or that he withholds assent therefrom: Provided that, where the Bill is not a Money Bill, the...
Article 202 ('Annual financial statement') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) The Governor shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before the House or Houses of the Legislature of the State a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the State for that year, in this Part referred...
Article 203 ('Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) So much of the estimates as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of a State shall not be submitted to the vote of the Legislative Assembly, but nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the discussion...
Article 204 ('Appropriation Bills') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) As soon as may be after the grants under article 203 have been made by the Assembly, there shall be introduced a Bill to provide for the appropriation out of the Consolidated Fund of the State of all moneys required to meet — (a)...
Article 205 ('Supplementary, additional or excess grants') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) The Governor shall — (a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of article 204 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to be insufficient for the purposes...
Article 206 ('Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the Legislative Assembly of a State shall have power — (a) to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of any financial year...
Article 207 ('Special provisions as to financial Bills') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) A Bill or amendment making provision for any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) of clause (1) of article 199 shall not be introduced or moved except on the recommendation of the Governor, and a Bill making such...
Article 208 ('Rules of procedure') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) A House of the Legislature of a State may make rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business. (2) Until rules are made under clause (1), the rules of procedure and...
Article 209 ('Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: The Legislature of a State may, for the purpose of the timely completion of financial business, regulate by law the procedure of, and the conduct of business in, the House or Houses of the Legislature of the State in relation to any...
Article 210 ('Language to be used in the Legislature') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in the Legislature of a State shall be transacted in the official language or languages of the State or in Hindi or in English: Provided that...
Article 211 ('Restriction on discussion in the Legislature') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: No discussion shall take place in the Legislature of a State with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge of his duties.
Article 212 ('Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature') in Part VI, Chapter III governs the State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha and, where applicable, Vidhan Parishad). It sets the constitutional rules for composition of Assemblies, MLA qualifications/disqualifications, sessions, Speaker/Deputy Speaker duties, passage of State Bills and Budgets, assent to Bills (Arts 200–201), and legislative privileges. Specifically: (1) The validity of any proceedings in the Legislature of a State shall not be called in question on the ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure. (2) No officer or member of the Legislature of a State in whom powers are vested by...
Article 213 ('Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature') is codified in Part VI of the Constitution of India. Specifically, the constitutional text states: (1) If at any time, except when the Legislative Assembly of a State is in session, or where there is a Legislative Council in a State, except when both Houses of the Legislature are in session, the Governor is satisfied that circumstances...
Article 214 ('High Courts for States') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: There shall be a High Court for each State.
Article 215 ('High Courts to be courts of record') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: Every High Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself.
Article 216 ('Constitution of High Courts') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: Every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint.
Article 217 ('Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and, in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the...
Article 218 ('Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: The provisions of clauses (4) and (5) of article 124 shall apply in relation to a High Court as they apply in relation to the Supreme Court with the substitution of references to the High Court for references to the Supreme Court.
Article 219 ('Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: Every person appointed to be a Judge of a High Court shall, before he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the Governor of the State, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form...
Article 220 ('Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: No person who, after the commencement of this Constitution, has held office as a permanent Judge of a High Court shall plead or act in any court or before any authority in India except the Supreme Court and the other High Courts....
Article 221 ('Salaries, etc, of Judges') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) There shall be paid to the Judges of each High Court such salaries as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries as are specified in the Second Schedule. (2) Every Judge shall...
Article 222 ('Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) The President may, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court. (2) When a Judge has been or is so transferred, he shall, during the period he serves, after the...
Article 223 ('Appointment of acting Chief Justice') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: When the office of Chief Justice of a High Court is vacant or when any such Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such one of the...
Article 224 ('Appointment of additional and acting Judges') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) If by reason of any temporary increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to the President that the number of the Judges of that Court should be for the time being increased, the...
Article 224A ('Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the Chief Justice of a High Court for any State may at any time, with the previous consent of the President, request any person who has held the office of a Judge of that Court or of any other High...
Article 225 ('Jurisdiction of existing High Courts') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the provisions of any law of the appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers conferred on that Legislature by this Constitution, the jurisdiction of, and the law administered in,...
Article 226 is the most frequently used constitutional weapon for ordinary citizens in India because you do not need to travel to the Supreme Court in New Delhi—you can approach your own State High Court immediately. Under Article 226(1), every High Court is empowered to issue directions, orders, or the 5 Prerogative Writs (Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo Warranto) to any person, police officer, municipal body, or government authority within its territorial jurisdiction.
Crucially, in legal scope, Article 226 is WIDER than Article 32: while the Supreme Court under Article 32 can issue writs ONLY when a Fundamental Right (Part III) is violated, a High Court under Article 226 can issue writs BOTH for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights AND 'for any other purpose'—meaning violations of property rights (Art 300A), municipal laws, service/pension rules, tax assessments, university exams, or arbitrary FIRs. In L. Chandra Kumar (1997), a 7-judge bench declared that the High Court's power of judicial review under Article 226 is an indestructible part of the Basic Structure of the Constitution.
