Article 227 ('Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) Every High Court shall have superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision, the High Court...
Article 228 ('Transfer of certain cases to High Court') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: If the High Court is satisfied that a case pending in a court subordinate to it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution the determination of which is necessary for the disposal of the case, it...
Article 229 ('Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) Appointments of officers and servants of a High Court shall be made by the Chief Justice of the Court or such other Judge or officer of the Court as he may direct: Provided that the Governor of the State may by rule require that...
Article 230 ('Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) Parliament may by law extend the jurisdiction of a High Court to, or exclude the jurisdiction of a High Court from, any Union territory. (2) Where the High Court of a State exercises jurisdiction in relation to a Union territory, —...
Article 231 ('Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States') in Part VI, Chapter V governs the High Courts in the States. It regulates the constitution of High Courts, appointment and tenure security of High Court Judges, Court of Record powers (Art 215), writ jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental and legal rights (Art 226), or supervisory control over all district/subordinate courts within the State (Art 227). Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding provisions of this Chapter, Parliament may by law establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States and a Union territory. (2) In relation to any such...
Article 233 ('Appointment of district judges') in Part VI, Chapter VI (Subordinate Courts) insulates the grassroots trial judiciary—District Courts, Sessions Courts, and Magistrates—from political or executive interference by placing appointments, postings, promotions, and disciplinary control under the State High Court (Articles 233–237).
Article 233A ('Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc, delivered by, certain district judges') in Part VI, Chapter VI (Subordinate Courts) insulates the grassroots trial judiciary—District Courts, Sessions Courts, and Magistrates—from political or executive interference by placing appointments, postings, promotions, and disciplinary control under the State High Court (Articles 233–237).
Article 234 ('Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service') in Part VI, Chapter VI (Subordinate Courts) insulates the grassroots trial judiciary—District Courts, Sessions Courts, and Magistrates—from political or executive interference by placing appointments, postings, promotions, and disciplinary control under the State High Court (Articles 233–237).
Article 235 ('Control over subordinate courts') in Part VI, Chapter VI (Subordinate Courts) insulates the grassroots trial judiciary—District Courts, Sessions Courts, and Magistrates—from political or executive interference by placing appointments, postings, promotions, and disciplinary control under the State High Court (Articles 233–237).
Article 236 ('Interpretation') in Part VI, Chapter VI (Subordinate Courts) insulates the grassroots trial judiciary—District Courts, Sessions Courts, and Magistrates—from political or executive interference by placing appointments, postings, promotions, and disciplinary control under the State High Court (Articles 233–237).
Article 237 ('Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates') in Part VI, Chapter VI (Subordinate Courts) insulates the grassroots trial judiciary—District Courts, Sessions Courts, and Magistrates—from political or executive interference by placing appointments, postings, promotions, and disciplinary control under the State High Court (Articles 233–237).
Article 238 (Application of provisions of Part VI to States in Part B of the First Schedule) was part of Part VII of the original text, but has been formally omitted/repealed by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment (1956)) Act. In the Public Domain Bare Act archive, its numbering is preserved for historical continuity and judicial reference. Official note: Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
Article 239 ('Administration of Union territories') in Part VIII (The Union Territories) defines how Union Territories are administered by the President through Administrators/Lieutenant Governors, provides for elected Legislatures and Councils of Ministers in UTs like Puducherry (Art 239A) and the National Capital Territory of Delhi (Art 239AA), and regulates High Court jurisdiction for UTs (Art 241).
Article 239A ('Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories') in Part VIII (The Union Territories) defines how Union Territories are administered by the President through Administrators/Lieutenant Governors, provides for elected Legislatures and Councils of Ministers in UTs like Puducherry (Art 239A) and the National Capital Territory of Delhi (Art 239AA), and regulates High Court jurisdiction for UTs (Art 241).
Article 239B ('Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature') in Part VIII (The Union Territories) defines how Union Territories are administered by the President through Administrators/Lieutenant Governors, provides for elected Legislatures and Councils of Ministers in UTs like Puducherry (Art 239A) and the National Capital Territory of Delhi (Art 239AA), and regulates High Court jurisdiction for UTs (Art 241).
Article 239AA ('Special provisions with respect to Delhi') in Part VIII (The Union Territories) defines how Union Territories are administered by the President through Administrators/Lieutenant Governors, provides for elected Legislatures and Councils of Ministers in UTs like Puducherry (Art 239A) and the National Capital Territory of Delhi (Art 239AA), and regulates High Court jurisdiction for UTs (Art 241).
Article 239AB ('Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery') in Part VIII (The Union Territories) defines how Union Territories are administered by the President through Administrators/Lieutenant Governors, provides for elected Legislatures and Councils of Ministers in UTs like Puducherry (Art 239A) and the National Capital Territory of Delhi (Art 239AA), and regulates High Court jurisdiction for UTs (Art 241).
Article 240 ('Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories') in Part VIII (The Union Territories) defines how Union Territories are administered by the President through Administrators/Lieutenant Governors, provides for elected Legislatures and Councils of Ministers in UTs like Puducherry (Art 239A) and the National Capital Territory of Delhi (Art 239AA), and regulates High Court jurisdiction for UTs (Art 241).
Article 241 ('High Courts for Union territories') in Part VIII (The Union Territories) defines how Union Territories are administered by the President through Administrators/Lieutenant Governors, provides for elected Legislatures and Councils of Ministers in UTs like Puducherry (Art 239A) and the National Capital Territory of Delhi (Art 239AA), and regulates High Court jurisdiction for UTs (Art 241).
Article 243 ('Definitions') in Part IX (The Panchayats, inserted by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992) codifies grassroots rural democracy. Specifically, this provision governs: In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, — (a) “district” means a district in a State; (b) “Gram Sabha” means a body consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls relating to a village comprised within...
Article 243A ('Gram Sabha') in Part IX (The Panchayats, inserted by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992) codifies grassroots rural democracy. Specifically, this provision governs: A Gram Sabha may exercise such powers and perform such functions at the village level as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide.
Article 243B ('Constitution of Panchayats') in Part IX (The Panchayats, inserted by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992) codifies grassroots rural democracy. Specifically, this provision governs: (1) There shall be constituted in every State, Panchayats at the village, intermediate and district levels in accordance with the provisions of this Part. (2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), Panchayats at the intermediate level...
Article 243C ('Composition of Panchayats') in Part IX (The Panchayats, inserted by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992) codifies grassroots rural democracy. Specifically, this provision governs: (1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the composition of Panchayats: Provided that the ratio between the population of the territorial area of a Panchayat...
Article 243D ('Reservation of seats') in Part IX (The Panchayats, inserted by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992) codifies grassroots rural democracy. Specifically, this provision governs: (1) Seats shall be reserved for — (a) the Scheduled Castes; and (b) the Scheduled Tribes, in every Panchayat and the number of seats so reserved shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total number of seats to...
Article 243E ('Duration of Panchayats, etc') in Part IX (The Panchayats, inserted by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992) codifies grassroots rural democracy. Specifically, this provision governs: (1) Every Panchayat, unless sooner dissolved under any law for the time being in force, shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer. (2) No amendment of any law for the time being in force...
Article 243F ('Disqualifications for membership') in Part IX (The Panchayats, inserted by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992) codifies grassroots rural democracy. Specifically, this provision governs: (1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of a Panchayat — (a) if he is so disqualified by or under any law for the time being in force for the purposes of elections to the Legislature of the State...
Article 243G ('Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats') in Part IX (The Panchayats, inserted by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992) codifies grassroots rural democracy. Specifically, this provision governs: Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by law, endow the Panchayats with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-government and such law may...
Article 243H ('Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats') in Part IX (The Panchayats, inserted by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992) codifies grassroots rural democracy. Specifically, this provision governs: The Legislature of a State may, by law, — (a) authorise a Panchayat to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes, duties, tolls and fees in accordance with such procedure and subject to such limits; (b) assign to a Panchayat such...
Article 243I ('Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position') in Part IX (The Panchayats, inserted by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992) codifies grassroots rural democracy. Specifically, this provision governs: (1) The Governor of a State shall, as soon as may be within one year from the commencement of the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992, and thereafter at the expiration of every fifth year, constitute a Finance Commission to...
Article 243J ('Audit of accounts of Panchayats') in Part IX (The Panchayats, inserted by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992) codifies grassroots rural democracy. Specifically, this provision governs: The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the Panchayats and the auditing of such accounts.
